Heavy Construction

Special Rules.

599.

a. The negative precedes the word it especially affects ; but if it belongs to no one word in particular, it generally precedes the verb ; if it is especially emphatic, it begins the sentence. (See example, 598. f. N.)

b. Itaque regularly comes first in its sentence or clause; enim, autem, véró, quoque, never first, but usually second, sometimes third if the second word is emphatic; quidem never first, but after the emphatic word; igitur usually second; né quidem include the emphatic word or words.

c. Inquam, inquit, are always used parenthetically, following one or more words. So often crédó, opínor, and in poetry sometimes precor.

d. (1) Prepositions (except tenus and versus) regularly precede their nouns; (2) but a monosyllabic preposition is often placed between a noun and its adjective or limiting genitive: -

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• quem ad modum; quam ob rem; mágnó cum metú; omnibus cum cópiís; núllá in ré (cf. § 598. i).

  

• e. In the arrangement of clauses, the Relative clause more often comes first in Latin, and usually contains the antecedent noun: -

  

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• • 

  • quós ámísimus cívís, eós Mártis vís perculit
  (Marc. 17), those citizens whom we have lost, etc.

  f. Personal or demonstrative pronouns tend to stand together in the sentence: -

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• cum vós mihi essétis in cónsilió (Rep. iii. 28), when you attended me in counsel.