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The Verb Sum.

170.

The verb sum, be, is both irregular and defective, having no gerund or supine, and no participle but the future.

Its conjugation is given at the outset, on account of its importance for the inflection of other verbs.



PRINCIPAL PARTS: Present Indicative sum, Present Infinitive esse,

Perfect Indicative fuí, Future Participle futúrus.



PRESENT STEM es- PERFECT STEM fu- SUPINE STEM fut-
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE


PRESENT

SING. 1. sum, I am
2. es, thou art (you are) sís
3. est, he (she, it) is sit
PLUR. 1. sumus, we are símus
2. estis, you are sítis
3. sunt, they are sint


IMPERFECT

SING. 1. eram, I was
2. erás, you were essés
3. erat, he (she, it) was esset
PLUR. 1. erámus, we were essémus
2. erátis, you were essétis
3. erant, they were essent


FUTURE

SING. 1. eró, I shall be 2. eris, you will be
3. erit, he will be PLUR. 1. erimus, we shall be 2. eritis, you will be
3. erunt, they will be 

PERFECT

SING. 1. fuí, I was (have been)
2. fuistí, you were fueris
3. fuit, he was fuerit
PLUR. 1. fuimus, we were fuerimus
2. fuistis, you were fueritis
3. fuérunt, fuére, they were fuerint


PLUPERFECT

SING. 1. fueram, I had been
2. fuerás, you had been fuissés
3. fuerat, he had been fuisset
PLUR. 1. fuerámus, we had been fuissémus
2. fuerátis, you had been fuissétis
3. fuerant, they had been fuissent


FUTURE PERFECT

SING. 1. fueró, I shall have been PLUR. 1. fuerimus, we shall have been
2. fueris, you will have been 2. fueritis, you will have been 3. fuerit, he will have been



IMPERATIVE

PRESENT SING. 2. es, be thou
FUTURE 2. estó, thou shalt be 2. estóte, ye shall be
3. estó, he shall be 3. suntó, they shall be


INFINITIVE

PRESENT
PERFECT fuisse, to have been
FUTURE futúrus esse or fore, to be about to be


PARTICIPLE

FUTURE


a. For essem, essés, etc., forem, forés, foret, forent, are often used; so fore for futúrus esse.

b. The Present Participle, which would regularly be sóns,[2][Compare Sankrit sant, Greek .] appears in the adjective ín-sóns, innocent, and in a modified form in ab-séns, prae-séns. The simple form éns is sometimes found in late or philosophical Latin as a participle or abstract noun, in the forms éns, being; entia, things which are.



NOTE: Old forms are: - Indicative: Future, escit, escunt (strictly an inchoative present, see § 263. 1).

Subjunctive: Present, siem, siés, siet, sient; fuam, fuás, fuat, fuant; Perfect, fúvi- mus; Pluperfect, fúvisset.

The root of the verb sum is ES, which in the imperfect is changed to ER (see § 15.4), and in many forms is shortened to s. Some of its modifications, as found in several languages more or less closely related to Latin, may be seen in the following table, - the Sanskrit syám corresponding to the Latin sim (siem): -

SANSKRIT GREEK LATIN LITHUANIAN
as-mi syám (optative) [3][Old form.] s-um sim (siem) es-mi
as-i syás [4][Old form.] es sis (siés) es-i
as-ti syát es-t sit (siet) es-ti
s-mas syáma s-umus símus es-me
s-tha syáta es-tis sítis es-te
s-anti syus [5][Old form.] s-unt sint (sient) es-ti

The Perfect and Supine stems, fu-, fut-, are kindred with the Greek , and with the English be.